课程导航

课程首页:Macroeconomics
前置内容:宏观经济学的科学方法
后续内容:国民收入与实际 GDP
课程资料:CHAP02;Mankiw Macroeconomics 12e

GDP and National Income Accounting / GDP 与国民经济核算

1. Two Equivalent Definitions of GDP / GDP 的两种等价定义

Definition

Gross domestic product (GDP) has two equivalent definitions:

  1. Total expenditure on domestically produced final goods and services.
  2. Total income earned by domestically located factors of production.

买方的每一单位支出都会成为卖方的收入,因此

2. Value-Added Approach / 增加值法

Definition

Value added is the value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output.

例如,若生产链为

则各阶段增加值为

因此

最终产品价值等于生产各阶段增加值之和,因此增加值法不会重复计算中间产品。

3. Expenditure Components of GDP / GDP 的支出构成

其中:

  • :总产出或 GDP;
  • :消费(consumption);
  • :投资(investment);
  • :政府购买(government purchases);
  • :净出口(net exports)。

3.1 Consumption / 消费

Definition

Consumption () is the value of all goods and services bought by households.

消费包括:

  • 耐用品(durable goods):使用寿命较长;
  • 非耐用品(nondurable goods):使用寿命较短;
  • 服务(services):无形产品或活动。

3.2 Investment / 投资

Definition

Investment () is spending on capital, a physical asset used in future production.

投资包括:

  • 企业固定投资:厂房与设备;
  • 住宅投资:新建住房;
  • 存货投资:企业存货价值的变化量。

存量与流量

A stock is a quantity measured at a point in time. A flow is a quantity measured per unit of time.

资本存量是在某一时点测量的数量;投资是在一段时期内测量的流量。投资对应新增资本,而不是全部资本存量。

3.3 Government Purchases / 政府购买

Definition

Government purchases () include all government spending on goods and services. They exclude transfer payments because transfer payments do not represent spending on goods and services.

转移支付只是收入再分配,没有对应当期产品或服务的生产。

3.4 Net Exports / 净出口

Definition

Net exports () equal exports minus imports.

  • 出口:向其他国家出售的产品与服务;
  • 进口:从其他国家购买的产品与服务。

进口需要从总支出中扣除,因为它已经进入 、 或 ,但不属于本国生产。